The Effect of Using an Electronic Teaching Package on (Cognitive & Skill) Self Learning for Service & Receive in Volleyball

The Effect of Using an Electronic Teaching Package on (Cognitive & Skill) Self Learning for Service & Receive in Volleyball

Abdelsalam Hussein

abdelsalam702000@yahoo.com

Received : 25-08-2007 , Accepted : 27-02-2008

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The aim at this study was to investigate the effect of using electronic teaching package on (cognitive & skill) self learning for service & receive ball in volleyball, & compare with the traditional method of teaching. The sample consisted of (30) students from (ALMAREF al –AHLEYYAH KINDERGARTEN) divided into: control group (15) that used instructional method and experimental group (15) that used self learning method using. Results revealed that both methods had appositive effect on learning service & receive ball skills in volleyball. There was significant difference between post & pre-test, post test scores were higher than pre-test scores: in addition when comparing the two groups in the post test significant differences were appeared in favor of the experimental group. It was recommended that the electronic teaching package should be used on (cognitive & skill) self learning for service & receive ball skills.

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The Level of Equity among the Jordanian Ministry of Education Supervisors for Knowledge Economic of Concepts Regarding some Demographic Variables

The Level of Equity among the Jordanian Ministry of Education Supervisors for Knowledge Economic of Concepts Regarding some Demographic Variables

Bahjat Hailat, "Mohammed Amin" Al-Qudah

qudah772@hotmail.com

Received : 04-06-2007 , Accepted : 27-02-2008

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the Level of Equity among the Jordanian Ministry of Education supervisors for knowledge of economic concepts by Applying a tested structured questionnaire designed by the researcher on a randomly selected (213) educational supervisors. The statistical analysis using the one- way ANOVA revealed that most of the participants have good knowledge of economic concepts, but the mean of the knowledge of economic concepts were significantly high (P <>

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Principles of Choosing Human Resources in Islamic Banking

Principles of Choosing Human Resources in Islamic Banking

Mohmoud Irshaid

babershj@yahoo.com

Received : 12-09-2007 , Accepted : 23-01-2008

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This research discuses the human resources in the Islamic Banking regarding the general principles and manners of selection, development, problems faced, job morals and their positives and negatives finally establishing the best moral system for working in the Islamic Banking. This research also aims at studying the human resources regarding previous components, diagnosing reality disadvantages and coming up with a general frame of hopeful reality of a successful role of human resources in the Islamic banking. This study has discovered the presence of reality disadvantages, including wrong selection of employees according to non Islamic law bases as result of abandoning the combination between financial and legitimate sciences and the required training in the field of Islamic Banking, in addition to lack of required criteria abandoned by the accounting and reviewing committee of the Islamic banks in which employees are to be legitimately highly qualified to act upon achieving successful banking system.

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Identifying Specific Physical efforts indicators for Jordanian National men team for Artistic Gymnastics

Identifying Specific Physical efforts indicators for Jordanian National men team for Artistic Gymnastics

Mqdad Tarawneh, Ahmed Bany Atta

baniataa@yahoo.com

Received : 09-06-2007 , Accepted : 23-01-2008

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study aimed to identify physical efforts indicators for Jordanian national Gymnastics Team by identifying number of skills, Attempt and its difficulty, and classifying, physical effort levels represented by indicators of (volume, Intensity, Density, and Complexity) comparing with the norm that specified by international Gymnastics Federation. The researcher has used descriptive method because of its compatibility to the nature of this study. The sample (n = 4) was chosen international from national Gymnasts. The duration of the study lasted for 6 weeks with reputation four training units per a week and three hours for each training units, so the researchers identified one hour from the optimal time of the training unit which was the planned time for training. In addition the indicators of (volume, Intensity, Density, and Complexity) for all training units, the number of performed skills, the number of Attempt, and the degree of difficulty were calculated. The results of the study showed that we can know the indicators of physical efforts for Jordanian national gymnastics team that represented by the number of skills and attempt that was the total of the skills reached to (1271) and the number of attempt reached up to (171), also the degree of difficulty ranged between (A-E). the result of the analysis showed the national team for Gymnastics is locating in the lowest level of the performance levels that specified by Norms of Age group development of the F.I.G. The researcher has recommended that it important to follow the sequel steps which used by development countries to improve the performance of national team gymnasts and to follow –up any developments that could be occur in the Gymnastics field.

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The Effect of Leaning Swimming Skills through the Internet on Physical Education Students' Perspectives

The Effect of Leaning Swimming Skills through the Internet on Physical Education Students' Perspectives

Sadiq Alhayek, Kashef Zayed

salhayek@ju.edu.jo

Received : 15-05-2007 , Accepted : 23-01-2008

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of learning swimming skills through the Internet on physical education students' perspectives toward using Internet in teaching and learning. Two separate groups: the experimental group and the control group had participated in the study. The results of data analysis indicated that the experimental group scored significantly higher than the control group on students' perspectives toward learning by the internet. The results also indicated that there were no significant differences between students with high computer experiences and students with less computer experience. Furthermore، there were no significant differences between students' perspectives toward learning by the internet according to their academic achievement levels.

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Youth and Development in the Palestinian Society "A field Study of Gaza Strip Universities Students"

Youth and Development in the Palestinian Society "A field Study of Gaza Strip Universities Students"

Rafiq Al-Masri

scires@alaqsa.edu.ps

Received : 09-05-2007 , Accepted : 16-12-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study aims at recognizing the role of Palestinian university students in development, the extent of their participation in developing the Palestinian community, defining the obstacles faced by them and what is the visionary suggestion to consolidate their participation. Besides to this, it has been necessary to know if there are differences of statistical significance concerning university students' participation in development according to variables like (gender, university, place and specialization). The study is based on a sample consisting of (430 male and female students from Islamic, Al Azhar and Al Aqsa universities) located in the Gaza Strip. Finally, the study concludes that there are no differences of statistical significance according to variables like (gender, place and specialization) in development; but there are differences according to university variables for Al Azhar and Al Aqsa universities at the levels of participation in political development particularly and development generally.

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The Extent of Test Anxiety Symptoms on Sample of Learners at Al-Quds Open University (QOU) and the Effect of Some Variables on the Learners

The Extent of Test Anxiety Symptoms on Sample of Learners at Al-Quds Open University (QOU) and the Effect of Some Variables on the Learners

Yousef Awwad

yawwad@qou.edu

Received : 30-06-2007 , Accepted : 25-11-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study aims at investigating the extent of test anxiety symptoms on the learners of Nablus Educational Region at QOU, so as to classify these symptoms in terms of their significance. It also aims at examining the effect of sex, marital status, academic level and the accumulative average of learners on the extent of these symptoms. A fifty_one (51) item "Likert Scale" type questionnaire covering the symptoms of test anxiety was administered to cover two domains: the psychological domain and the physical one. A sample of (419) learners was chosen randomly from 4063 (10,31%) learners who consisted the population of the study. The questionnaire was distributed among the learners during the mid-term exam in the academic year (2006/2007). The results of the statistical analysis revealed that the level of test anxiety symptoms among learners was totally high (60,23%), and the range of symptoms was between medium and high. According to the results of the study, there were no statistically significant differences due to the variables of sex, marital status, academic level and their interaction. Whereas there were statistically significant differences due to the accumulative average which indicates that the lowest accumulative average is usually accompanied by a high level of test anxiety and vice versa. Moreover, statistically significant differences were found due to the nature of test anxiety either psychological or physical symptoms in favor of the psychological symptoms. But both, the psychological and physical symptoms, have impact on creating test anxiety. According to these results, the researcher recommends that other researchers have to carry out similar studies in other educational regions and other universities as well as to adopt evaluative and educational system, and also, to adopt guidance and counseling training programs (comparative studies) which aim at reducing the negative effects of test anxiety among learners.

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The Aesthetics of Place in 'Mahmoud Darwish's “La Taatather Amma Fa'alt”

The Aesthetics of Place in 'Mahmoud Darwish's “La Taatather Amma Fa'alt”

Mohammed Abu Hamaida

s.hamaida@hotmail.com

Received : 25-08-2007 , Accepted : 13-01-2008

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study deals with the aesthetics of place in 'Mahmoud Darwish's La Taatather Amma Fa'alt (Do Not Apologize for What You Have Done". The study focuses on three aspects: the poet's psychological and emotional relationship with the place, the aesthetics of closed place, and the aesthetics of open space. Utilizing the stylistic and statistical method, the study explained that the place constitutes an integral element in the structure of the Darwish poem and that it has been especially employed by Darwish to reflect his vision of the humanity in General and the Palestinian in particular given the agony, trauma and expatriation the Palestinian has been subjected to on his land and abroad. The study found two sorts of relationship between the poet and the places he has been associated with concluding that his relationship with the place was one of belonging, nostalgia and communion while that with open places was one of dissociation, repugnance and fear of the unknown.

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Forming a Legitimate Verification Program at the Alms Bureau

Forming a Legitimate Verification Program at the Alms Bureau

Mahmoud Irshaid

babershj@yahoo.com

Received : 15-04-2007 , Accepted : 29-10-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study deals with designing a legitimate verification program at the Alms Bureau, and establishing an Alms action, with its executive regulations suitable for the management of a Central Alms Bureau, with the verification man having the scientific characteristics to be able to supervise the central alms bureau and its local branches, and defining the implication deviations of the legitimate regulations approved by the legitimate council. The legitimate verification on the Alms Bureau aims where there is no clear transparency and the increase of the bureau's income, its use for the society ,and assuring the relevancy between the work steps and the legitimate regulations, besides building up a suitable base for the alms action that suits all countries, making use of the proposed projects to imply alms through constitution, and preparing details lists to implement these regulations at the bureau's main and secondary departments, accompanied by the principal regulations of the bureau. The study came to the conclusion that it is vital to embody this career with its criterion imposed to verify the bureau, and making an alms law, having its legitimacy through the state's power. The study ended by recognizing and assuring the legitimate significance of the legitimate verification of the alms bureau.

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The Adoption of Pr - Islamic Texts in Parkly Modern Palestinian Poetry (The Foot Poetry as Example)

The Adoption of Pr - Islamic Texts in Parkly Modern Palestinian Poetry (The Foot Poetry as Example)

Hamdi Mansour, Ahmed Rahahleh

hamdimansor@yahoo.com

Received : 08-04-2007 , Accepted : 29-10-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study investigates the method by Pre-Islamic literary heritage was adopted in modern Arabic poetry in Palestine. Through the analysis of wide range of poetic texts written by the Palestinian modern poets, this study seeks to identify how different types of by Pre-Islamic texts are adopted. Quoting Pre-Islamic texts varies in accordance with the talented poets. Mere quotations are the simpliest type of adoption, sifting parts of texts and mixing them with modern ones comes second. The ideal adoption is that the concepts of ancient texts are implied in modern literary usages. Such an adoption shows that modern Palestinian poets succeed in achieving a comprehensive blending of Pre-Islamic texts with modern.

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The Effect of Parching Sports Activities an the Character Features of the Young

The Effect of Parching Sports Activities an the Character Features of the Young

Ramzy Jaber

ramzy_Jaber@hotmail.com

Received : 15-08-2006 , Accepted : 29-10-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The current study aims to identify the effect of parching sports Activities an the character features of the young. The experimental design was used, and to achieve that the study was carried on a sample of 14 youth. Freiberg list was applied to measure the personality characteristics. The study results shoved the following: - The suggested physical activities program has no effect on the statements of each dimension of the questionnaire dimensions that used in this study (nervousness, Aggression, depression, redness for stimulation, sociability, calmness). - The suggested program has an effect that are statistically significant on the dimension as a whole and to all dimensions of the questionnaire. The study recommended the application of the suggested program which has on effect on the personality diminishing statements of the deviant children behavior. Added to that it is necessary to establish, support, direct, and reinforce the physical a activities programs in side institutions that focus on various and different sports.

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Geotechnical Map for the City of Nablus - Palestine

Geotechnical Map for the City of Nablus - Palestine

Isam Jardaneh

jardaneh@najah.edu

Received : 10-09-2006 , Accepted : 07-08-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

Geotechnical maps are widespread nowadays due to the existence of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Global Position Systems (GPS). These maps provide a powerful database and strong visual presentation of data. The use of such maps will save effort, time, and provide quick source of information for engineering projects, especially in civil engineering field, such as the construction buildings, dams, roads, tunnels, etc.. There are several types of geotechnical maps; however, the map that is considered here is for allowable bearing capacity and proposed type of foundation for the City of Nablus - Palestine. The importance of such a map is the fast and simple access to the information regarding foundation, allowable bearing capacity, problems due to site soil such as sliding, potential swelling and shrinkage, and cavities. In addition, this map will help in preliminary studies, feasibility studies, and land use policy.

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Simplified M-E Approach for the Design of Flexible Pavement Structures

Simplified M-E Approach for the Design of Flexible Pavement Structures

Osama Abaza

almabaza@hotmail.com

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

Received : 13-05-2006 , Accepted : 04-04-2007

Language: English

Abstract

This paper presents a simplified design procedure, which depends mainly on finite elements analysis considering the same input variables used in the traditional AASHTO empirical design methodology. The multiple regression equation developed considered the subgrade resilient modulus (Mr), Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) repetitions, and the dynamic behavior of flexible pavements by incorporating vehicle speed. The outputs of this model are given in terms of structural number (SN) making it easier for the designer to deal with the various pavement thickness as per the traditional AASHTO procedure. Based on the model developed for static loading, SN values were approximately -6 to 7 percent compared to those of AASHTO design methodology depending on number of 18 kips single axle load repetitions. In the analysis of the dynamic behavior of pavements, SN dropped up to 30 percent for the practical design speeds that could be considered for pavement design purposes.

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Effect of Host Plants on Predator Prey Relationship between Predatory Bug, Orius laevigatus (Fiber) [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] and Tobach

Effect of Host Plants on Predator Prey Relationship between Predatory Bug, Orius laevigatus (Fiber) [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] and Tobacco Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) [Homoptera: Aleyrodidae]

Abdul-Jalil Hamdan, Iyad Abu-Awad

ajhamdan@hebron.edu

Department of Plant Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebron University, Hebron, Palestine

Received : 15-10-2006 , Accepted : 29-05-2007

Language: English

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of host plants on the predatory bug, O. laevigatus. Tobacco whitefly, B. tabaci was offered on tomato and eggplant leaf discs as food source for the predator in the laboratory at temperature of 25±1?C, 75±5% R.H, and 16 L: 8 D photoperiod regime. Results showed that adults of O. laevigatus were able to feed on both eggs and larval instars of B. tabaci maintained either on tomato or eggplant. O. laevigatus preferred significantly (P <>

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The Hamilton-Jacobi Treatment of Complex Fields as Constrained Systems

The Hamilton-Jacobi Treatment of Complex Fields as Constrained Systems

Tamer Eleyan

tamer_eleyan@hotmail.com

Department of Mathematics, Al-Quds Open University, Gaza, Palestine

Received : 12-06-2006 , Accepted : 04-04-2007

Language: English

Abstract

The complex scalar field is treated as a constrained system using the Hamilton-Jacobi approach. The reduced phase space Hamiltonian density is obtained without introducing Lagrange multipliers and without any additional gauge fixing condition. The quantization of this system is also discussed.

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Developing Pavement Performance Functions for Palestinian Roadway Network

Developing Pavement Performance Functions for Palestinian Roadway Network

Osama Abaza*, Lana Shahein**

almabaza@hotmail.com

* Civil Engineering Department, An-Najah National University. **Engineer. Nablus, Palestine

Received : 20-03-2006 , Accepted : 04-04-2007

Language: English

Abstract

The measurement and prediction of pavement performance condition is an essential component of any pavement management system. In this paper, performance evaluation method for Palestinian roadways was developed. Estimation of the flexible pavement performance life for maintenance and rehabilitation was presented. Data for model development was collected based on the pavement evaluation methods issued by the World Bank for developing countries. The performance model developed in this paper was based on evaluation of various deterministic and probabilistic models using surveyed data for arterials and village access roads in Palestine. The pavement performance models were developed based on calibration of surveyed pavement condition rating index using logistic growth model, and applying regression analysis. The results of the analysis showed that the logistic growth model performed well in fitting the calibrated data for the different roadways considered in this study and the Markov model fitted well for the overlaid arterials. The reconstructed arterial roadway system had longer average performance life than the overlaid arterials. Village access roadway system showed the same behavior.

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Magnetic Properties of Zn Substituted Cu Ferrite

Magnetic Properties of Zn Substituted Cu Ferrite

Hussain Dawoud, Sami Shaat

hdawoud@mail.iugaza.edu

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University, Gaza, ‎Palestine

Received : 13-04-2005 , Accepted : 05-09-2006

Language: English

Abstract

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Finite Element Analysis of Hyperbolic Paraboloid Groined Vault ‎Structure

Finite Element Analysis of Hyperbolic Paraboloid Groined Vault ‎Structure

Attia Mousa

attiamousa@hotmail.com

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic ‎University, Gaza, Palestine‎

Received : 07-11-2004 , Accepted : 23-05-2006

Language: English

Abstract

A new hyperbolic parabolic triangular finite element is developed in this paper. The element has only five essential nodal degrees of freedom (three general external degrees of freedom and two rotations) at each of the three corner nodes. The displacement fields of the element satisfy the exact requirements of rigid body modes of motion. Shallow shell formulation is used and the element is based on an independent strain assumption insofar as it is allowed by the compatibility equations. A hyperbolic Paraboloid shell dam for which a previous solution exists is first analyzed using this new element to validate the program and to compute the results. The element is then used in the analysis of a complex type of hyperbolic Paraboloid shell roof, which normally referred to as hyperbolic Paraboloid groined vault. It is usually made up of a combination of four of intersecting hyper Paraboloids joined together to form a square shape in plan view. This form of structure is often used by architects to roof large span exhibition halls and public buildings. The distribution of various components of forces is obtained to give designers an in–sight of the behavior of such complex structures.

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Pattern of Parenteral Antimicrobial Prescription among Pediatric ‎Patients in Al-Watani Governmental Hospital in Palestine

Pattern of Parenteral Antimicrobial Prescription among Pediatric ‎Patients in Al-Watani Governmental Hospital in Palestine

Ansam Sawalha*, Ghada Al-Bishtawi, Laila Al-Khayyat, Waleed ‎Sweileh*, Rowa Al-Ramahi*, Nidal Jaradat*‎

ansam@najah.edu

‎*Faculty of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

Received : 12-04-2006 , Accepted : 14-11-2006

Language: English

Abstract

Objective: No studies were carried out in Palestine to investigate the prescribed antimicrobial agents in hospitalized pediatric patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate and therapeutically analyze the pattern of parenteral antimicrobial prescriptions among pediatric patients in Al-Watani Government Hospital in Palestine. Such audit will be of great value to clinicians and health policy makers. Material and Methods: Data on antimicrobial prescribing were collected for 30 consecutive days for all pediatric patients admitted to Al-Watani government hospital. Data on antimicrobial prescribing were entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program. Analysis was done for age, sex, diagnosis, site of infection, number of antimicrobial agents given, how many times the drug regimen has been changed and the frequency of individual drug use. Results: Three hundred and forty pediatric patients were admitted to Al-Watani government hospital during the study period. Gastroenteritis was the most common cause of hospitalization, while upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) was the most common cause of parenteral antimicrobial agent administration. Two hundred and ten (61.8%) patients received parenteral antimicrobial agents while 16 (4.7%) received both parenteral and oral antimicrobial agents. Single antimicrobial agent was prescribed for (50.6%) patients. Cefuroxime was the main single antimicrobial agent used; it was administered to 70/226 (31%) patients. Conclusion: Treatment patterns used for most patients were nearly according to current empiric therapeutic recommendations. However, improving the availability of rapid diagnostic methods to differentiate between viral and bacterial infections is suggested to reduce empiric therapy numbers by antimicrobial agents so as to decrease chance for drug resistance.

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Increasing Employment Levels in Infrastructure Development ‎Projects

Increasing Employment Levels in Infrastructure Development ‎Projects

Rifat Rustom*, Tareq Assar **‎

rustom@iugaza.edu.ps

‎*Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic ‎University. **Engineering & Management Consulting Center, ‎ ‎ Gaza, Palestine.‎

Received : 18-02-2006 , Accepted : 05-09-2006

Language: English

Abstract

A new approach is suggested to be applied to increase employment in infrastructure development projects. The proposed approach moderates the usually capital-intensive (equipment-based) infrastructure development to make it more responsive to short-term employment needs. The proposed higher labor-content project cycle emphasizes stronger project planning, preparation, and participation of the involved community in all project phases, including the design phase, and reconsiders, inter alia, the basis for awarding contracts so as to increase employment levels (labor content) in infrastructure development projects. The proposed approach also introduces new reporting requirements and enhances learning through emphasizing project final evaluation.

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Assessment of Local Excavation Support Systems: A Case Study of ‎Nablus City, Palestine

Assessment of Local Excavation Support Systems: A Case Study of ‎Nablus City, Palestine

Isam Jardaneh

jardanedh@najah.edu

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, An-Najah ‎National University, Nablus, Palestine‎

Received : 01-08-2005 , Accepted : 23-05-2006

Language: English

Abstract

Excavations of soil and rock are one of the most important elements in laying the subsurface structures. These excavations usually require excavation support systems that have fundamental influence on the safety, profitability, speed and quality of construction projects. Despite the great importance of the support systems, most designers and contractors know very little about their design and construction and they rely heavily on experience. The goal of this paper is to present a review of excavation support systems available worldwide and to survey the current state of practice in the local area (Nablus - Palestine), including available types, reasons for failure, and methods of design and construction of excavation support systems. This paper also suggested new techniques that may be adopted locally as an excavation support system. Conclusions of this study are presented and recommendations are suggested to identify what research and development should be carried out to improve the process of design and construction of excavation support systems.

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An Educational Processor: A Design Approach ‎

An Educational Processor: A Design Approach ‎

Raed Alqadi, Luai Malhis‎

alqadi@najah.edu

Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, An-Najah ‎National University, Nablus, Palestine‎

Received : 05-01-2005 , Accepted : 07-03-2006

Language: English

Abstract

In this paper, we present an educational processor developed at An-Najah National University. This processor has been designed to be a powerful supplement for computer architecture and organization courses offered at the university. The project is intended to develop an easily applicable methodology by which students get a valuable experience in designing and implementing complete processor with simple readily available off-the-shelf components. The proposed methodology is beneficial to computer engineering students enrolled at universities, specially in developing countries, where advanced laboratory equipments are rarely available. The design philosophy is to build a general-purpose processor using simple and wide spread integrated circuits. This methodology includes: defining an instruction set, datapath layout, ALU implementation, memory interface, controller design and implementation. For testing and evaluation purposes, a debugging tool is also built and implemented to serially connect the processor to a personal computer. In this paper, we present the methods and components used in the design and implementation phases and the tools developed to complete the design process. This methodology has shown that students enrolled in the computer architecture course get the full experience in processor design without the need for advanced laboratory equipments. The components used are cost efficient and methods proposed allow students to work at home, hence, this methodology has proven to be cost effective and yet very educational.

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Three-dimensional Gravity Model of the southern Jordan Dead Sea Transform

Three-dimensional Gravity Model of the southern Jordan Dead Sea Transform

Radwan El-Kelani

radwan@najah.edu

Earth Sciences and Seismic Engineering Center. An-Najah National University. Nablus, Palestine

Received : 06-04-2005 , Accepted : 22-11-2005

Language: English

Abstract

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Strongly Singular Potentials in One Dimension

Strongly Singular Potentials in One Dimension

Sami Al-Jaber

jaber@najah.edu

Department of Physics. Faculty of Science. An-Najah National University. Nablus. Palestine

Received : 17-01-2005 , Accepted : 22-11-2005

Language: English

Abstract

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Statistical Inference for the Rate Ratio in a Two-way Contingency Table with an Empty Cell

Statistical Inference for the Rate Ratio in a Two-way Contingency Table with an Empty Cell

Mahmoud Okasha

m.okasha@palnet.com.

Department of Applied Statistics. Faculty of Economics. Al-Azhar University. Gaza. Palestine

Received : 25-01-2005 , Accepted : 28-08-2005

Language: English

Abstract

In many statistical data analyses, the problem of analyzing contingency tables that contain empty cells is commonly encountered in all fields of research. The odds ratio and risk ratio are not applicable in such a case because of an unidentifiablity problem. In the present paper the rate ratio between the second negative response given an initial negative response and the initial negative response in a two-way contingency table with a zero-count in one of the off-diagonal cells is utilized. Hypothesis testing and confidence interval construction for the rate ratio based on the Wald’s test statistic and its logarithmic transformation will be reviewed. Inference based on large sample theory and small-sample on the rate ratio of this case is discussed. The asymptotic performance of the Wald’s test statistic and its logarithmic transformation is examined. By adopting these statistics, full unconditional exact small-sample procedures that have been proposed by Tang and Tang (2002) are discussed. The procedures are modified by utilizing the maximum likelihood estimator of the rate ratio and the conditional likelihood functions. The accuracy of all the methods is empirically assessed. We show that our modified conditional procedures are more reliable than both exact and asymptotic procedures in terms of coverage probability and expected interval width. The methodology is applied to data on family planning in the Gaza Strip and other examples from the literature.

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Leukocyte Adhesion Defect Type 1. Reporting Patient Series and their Survival Without Bone Marrow Transplantation

Leukocyte Adhesion Defect Type 1. Reporting Patient Series and their Survival Without Bone Marrow Transplantation

Omar Abuzaitoun, Husni Maqbuol, Hasan Fitian, Hikamt Al Sae’ed

oabuzaitoun@pol.net

Faculty of Medicine. An-Najah National University. Nablus. Palestine.

Received : 21-12-2004 , Accepted : 28-08-2005

Language: English

Abstract

The survival of patients suffering from severe LADI is discussed in this paper. The approach is to do bone marrow transplantation as soon as possible, however, we report 4 patients suffering from severe LADI, who did not have bone marrow transplantation. We report the favorable outcome with conservative treatment (prophylactic antibiotics)

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Brugia malayi: Depletion of Glutathione by Buthionine Sulfoximine

Brugia malayi: Depletion of Glutathione by Buthionine Sulfoximine

Ayman Hussein

ashussein@najah.edu

Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences. Faculty of Science. An-Najah National University. Nablus. Palestine

Received : 31-08-2004 , Accepted : 28-08-2005

Language: English

Abstract

Glutathione is an intracellular reducing agent. It is synthesized by a two step reaction catalyzed by ?-glutamylcysteine synthetase (?GCS) and glutathione synthetase. ?GCS, which is the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of glutathione, is inhibited specifically by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). The enzyme was partially purified from the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi, the causative agents of lymphatic filaraiasis. BSO inhibits the enzyme activity in an irreversible manner. The Brugia enzyme was found to be 24-fold more sensitive to BSO than its mammalian counterparts. The inhibitor was also found effective in depleting the glutathione contents of the parasites with low concentration. The results may conclude that ?GCS is a potential target for the development of drugs against filariasis.

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Control of Alternaria Spot Disease on Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) Using Detached Fruits and Leaf-disk Assay

Control of Alternaria Spot Disease on Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) Using Detached Fruits and Leaf-disk Assay

Yacoub Batta

yabatta@najah.edu

Department of Plant Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture. An-Najah National University. Nablus. Palestine.

Received : 12-06-2004 , Accepted : 28-08-2005

Language: English

Abstract

Treatments with four types of new, slightly toxic and non-residual fungicides and two preparations of Trichoderma harzianum were applied against Alternaria alternata, causal organism of Alternaria leaf and fruit spot disease of loquat. Preventive and curative effects of the above-mentioned treatments were bioassessed by measuring lesion diameter of A. alternata and its sporulation density on detached loquat fruits and leaf discs. Results indicated that preventive and curative effects of the treatment with difenoconazole (Score®) and cyprodinil+flodioxonil (Switch®) applied at a rate of 0.35% (V/V) and 0.20% (W/V), respectively, significantly reduced the lesion diameter of A. alternata on treated fruits and leaf discs compared to the untreated control fruits and leaf discs. Also, application of the above-mentioned fungicides at the same rates completely inhibited the sporulation of A. alternata at preventive and curative treatment with Switch® and at curative treatment with Score® on treated leaf discs compared to the untreated control organs. Conidia of T. harzianum (strain Th2) formulated in invert emulsion and applied at a concentration of 1.3X108 conidia/ml of the preparation, significantly suppressed lesion diameter of A. alternata and its sporulation density on treated fruits compared to treatment with conidial suspension of T. harzianum in sterile distilled water, and the control (blank formulation of invert emulsion or sterile distilled water only). These results should be confirmed under field conditions before large scale application.

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Ethnopharmacological Survey of Natural Products in Palestine

Ethnopharmacological Survey of Natural Products in Palestine

Nidal Jaradat

nidaljaradat@najah.edu

College of Pharmacy. An-Najah National University. Nablus. Palestine

Received : 30-06-2004 , Accepted : 10-04-2005

Language: English

Abstract

Traditional remedies are part of the cultural and religious life in Palestine. In this survey, herbal products used in folk medicine were investigated and recorded. A total of two hundred and sixteen (216) different plant species, sixty (60) inorganic resources, and fifty two (52) animal products were in use. Among these medicinal plants, twenty one (21) were used for their hypoglycemic effects, eleven (11) were used for their hypotensive effects, and forty (40) were used for their diuretic effects. Reservation of endangered medicinal plant species as well as clinical investigation of these plants is required.

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The Impacts of the Segregation Wall‏ ‏on the Sustainability of ‎Transportation Systems and Services in the Palestinian ‎Territories

The Impacts of the Segregation Wall‏ ‏on the Sustainability of ‎Transportation Systems and Services in the Palestinian ‎Territories

Sameer Abu-Eisheh

sameeraa@najah.edu

Received : 24-04-2004 , Accepted : 31-10-2004

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The Israeli occupation authorities started in April 2002 the construction of the segregation wall on confiscated Palestinian land for claimed security reasons, ignoring the international law which does not allow the occupier to do that. The Wall, when completed, will isolate parts located between the wall and the 1949 Armenistic Line, forming 46% of the total area of the West Bank. The results of the field study indicate that there will be severe impacts of the wall in the field of transportation. The wall will lead to severe deterioration in the Palestinians quality of life, as it will restrict the movement and free transportation for 647 thousand Palestinians forming one third the Palestinians living in the West Bank, including restricting their ability to reach their agricultural land. The wall cuts off public transportation lines for a number of communities which the wall isolates. The number of links connecting a community with others is reduced for many of the impacted communities, while about half the total length of the roadway network in the West Bank will lie behind the wall. The Israeli measures cause the length of, and travel time on, the roads connecting these impacted communities to at least double on the average, and therefore, result in a similar increase in travel cost. Therefore, the wall will affect the sustainability of the transportation systems and will prevent such systems from playing the role they should provide towards sustainable development in the Palestinian territories. The paper presents a number of recommendations to pressure the Israeli authorities to stop building the wall, and to assist the Palestinians living in the impacted areas in their struggle against the challenges they are facing, through means that lessen the negative impacts of the wall, especially those which affect the sustainability of the transportation systems.

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Polaronic Donor in a Strictly Two-Dimensional ‎ Quantum Well

Polaronic Donor in a Strictly Two-Dimensional ‎ Quantum Well

Bassam Saqqa

bsaqqa@mail.iugaza.edu

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University, Gaza, Palestine‎

Received : 24-04-2004 , Accepted : 31-10-2004

Language: English

Abstract

The problem of a polaronic donor in a strictly two-dimensional quantum well is studied using the variational approach. The approach covers the overall range of the electron-phonon coupling and the Coulomb binding strengths. The energy, the number of phonons around the electron, and the size of the polaron are calculated for the ground, and for the first two excited states. It is observed that the polaronic effects become more pronounced for strong Coulomb fields. The size of the polaron is found to be mainly dependent on the polaronic field, as the Coulomb field becomes weak.

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Pharmacological Evaluation of 5-Flurouracil (5-FU) ‎Utilization among Patients with Gastro-Intestinal Tract ‎‎(GIT) Cancers‎

Pharmacological Evaluation of 5-Flurouracil (5-FU) ‎Utilization among Patients with Gastro-Intestinal Tract ‎‎(GIT) Cancers‎

Waleed Sweileh, Nidal Jaradat, Mai Marmash‎

waleedsweileh@yahoo.com

Faculty of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine‎

Received : 21-10-2003 , Accepted : 23-05-2004

Language: English

Abstract

The clinical utilization of 5-Fluorouracil and its therapeutic implications were investigated at Al-Watani governmental hospital at Nablus (Palestine). The drug and disease profiles of one hundred and thirty patients suffering from various types of cancers were studied. No correlation was noticed between gender and cancer in general although such correlation might exist among patients with gastrointestinal tract (GIT) cancers. Approximately one third (29%) of those patients were suffering from (GIT) cancers especially colon and liver cancers. The majority (66%) of the patients with GIT cancers were treated with 5-FU. Leucovorin (LV) was used by (68%) of patients suffering from GIT cancers and were receiving 5-FU. Patients, in general, were not exposed to poly-chemotherapy (2.6 drugs/patient). Strong pain killers like morphine were used in approximately 24% of patients having GIT cancers. The utilization of 5-FU and LV is in agreement to the general international recommendations especially among patients with colon cancer. Further national studies are required to investigate cost/effectiveness, dose and drug appropriateness among patients with malignant diseases.

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Quantitative Determination of Three Textile Reactive Dyes ‎in Ground Water, Sewage Water and Soil Using ‎Voltammetric and HPLC Techniques‎

Quantitative Determination of Three Textile Reactive Dyes ‎in Ground Water, Sewage Water and Soil Using ‎Voltammetric and HPLC Techniques‎

Nidal Zatar*, Ali Abu Zuhri‎‏**‏‎, Naser Tayem‎

nidalzatar@yahoo.com

‎*Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ‎ An-Najah National University, Nablus. **Al-Aqsa University, Gaza, Palestine.‎

Received : 20-09-2003 , Accepted : 23-05-2004

Language: English

Abstract

Differential-pulse adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric (DP-AdCSV) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques were developed for quantitative determination of Reactive Blue 19, Reactive Red 198 and Reactive Orange 107 textile dyes. The calibration curves using the DP-AdCSV method were found to be linear over the ranges 0.05-1.0 ppm, 0.10-1.10 ppm and 0.05-1.0 ppm, respectively. The HPLC method is based on using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile:water (60:40, v/v) containing 0.45 M N-Cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and buffered to pH 7.92. Reverse phase RP C18 column was used with a flow rate of 0.6 ml/minute. The retention times for Reactive Blue 19, Reactive Red 198 and Reactive Orange 107 were found to be 5.4 min, 7.8 min and 2.3 min, respectively. The calibration curves were found to be linear over the ranges 0.1-5.0 ppm, 0.1-1.2 ppm and 0.05-1.5 ppm, respectively.

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Subject Review: Design of Gating and Risering Systems in Sand Molds

Subject Review: Design of Gating and Risering Systems in Sand Molds

Ahmad Al-Ramahi

a-ramahi@yahoo.com

Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

Received : 15-03-2003 , Accepted : 02-03-2004

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The success of a sand casting process depends mainly on the design of efficient mold rigging systems; namely the Gating and Risering systems. However, it is observed that the mold preparation, in most of local foundries in Palestine, depends totally on the experience of the foundry man who does not pay much attention to the engineering mold-design procedure. In fact, almost all of the foundry men in the local market have gained their experience by trial and error which usually leads to higher production cost and less production quality. This paper is a review paper. It reviews, in a simplified and comprehensive way, the most important practical and scientific rules and procedures related to Gating and Risering systems design. Detailed examples are also given to explain the implementation of these rules and procedures. One main objective of the paper is to contribute to the improvement of local-foundry efficiency. Therefore, the paper is written in Arabic to be available for the maximum number of researchers, engineers, and other interested people. On the other hand, the paper presents a useful summery of a list of the most important references related to the design of Gating and Risering systems in sand casting. Further more, the material of the paper can support in developing modern Computer Aided Mold Design Systems.

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Direct Regeneration in Cyclamen Persicum Mill. Using ‎Seedling Tissues

Direct Regeneration in Cyclamen Persicum Mill. Using ‎Seedling Tissues

Hassan Abu-Qaoud

hassan@najah.edu

Department of Plant Production & Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, An-‎Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. ‎

Received : 27-04-2003 , Accepted : 23-05-2004

Language: English

Abstract

In Vitro shoot regeneration and microtuberization of Cyclamen persicum Mill. were studied using seedling tissues. Tuber, leaf and petiole sections of aseptic seedlings of cultivar ‘Concerto’ were established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium. Three levels of benzyladenine (BA) (4.4, 8.8, 13.3 µM) and four levels of thidiazuron (TDZ) (0.5, 1, 2, 4 µM) were used with the three different explants. All regeneration media were supplied with 5.4 µM naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). No shoot regeneration was observed in media without cytokinins. The greatest percent shoot regeneration (100 %) was obtained from tuber sections cultured on media supplemented with 4.4 µM BA and 4 µM TDZ. No regeneration was obtained with petiole sections. Microtubers were formed with leaf explant. The higher microtuberization response was obtained with leaf explants cultured on media supplemented with 2 and 4 µM TDZ (41.6 and 58.3, respectively). Tuberous structures (microtubers) were able to sprout and leaves continued to grow on these structures. After an acclimatization period, the plantlets were transferred to the greenhouse and continued their growth normally.

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Short Communication: Antibiotic Drug Cost Variations in Palestine: Physicians and Patients ‎Dilemma

Short Communication: Antibiotic Drug Cost Variations in Palestine: Physicians and Patients ‎Dilemma

Waleed Sweileh, Nidal Jaradat, Abeer Mustafa‎

waleedsweileh@najah.edu, nidaljaradat@najah.edu

College of Pharmacy, An-Najah University, Nablus, Palestine‎

Received : 15-06-2003 , Accepted : 09-12-2004

Language: English

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare and analyze drug price variations among various oral antibiotics marketed in Palestine. Price of various antibiotics were obtained from up-to-date price lists available at the pharmaceutical companies and drug agents. Price range, price ratio and price difference percentage were calculated. A price range as wide as (3 – 26 new Israeli shekels (NIS)) for ciprofloxacin with a price difference percentage of 767% was seen. In all of the cases the price difference was in favor of locally produced companies. This short communication emphasizes the wide variations in antibiotic prices in Palestine and that physicians need to pay more attention for such variations.

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Short Communication: Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Factors Affecting Physician’s and ‎Pharmacist’s Selection of Drugs

Short Communication: Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Factors Affecting Physician’s and ‎Pharmacist’s Selection of Drugs

Waleed Sweileh*, Nidal Jaradat*, Abdelrahim Barham**, Ali Barakat**‎

waleedsweileh@najah.edu, nidaljaradat@najah.edu

‎*College of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.‎ ‎**Statistics Dept., Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.‎

Received : 26-07-2003 , Accepted : 02-03-2004

Language: English

Abstract

A survey of random sample of physicians and pharmacists in north Palestine was carried out to ascertain the factors that influence their decisions when selecting a drug for a patient. Of the four hundred (400) questionnaire distributed, two hundred and fourteen (214) were filled correctly and returned giving a response rate of approximately 56%. The ten factors which had the greatest influence on drug selection were as follows in ranking order: active ingredients, evidence of product efficacy, patient characteristics, presence of side effects for the drug, successful self use of product, product abuse potential, confidence in manufacturer, availability of product in community pharmacies, cost of drug for the patient and range of dosage forms available for the product. Commercial factors like profitability, number of medical samples and personal relations with manufacturers have slight influence on the drug selection by physicians and pharmacists. The results of this short communication suggest that selection of drugs for therapy is based on clinical and patient factors and whilst commercial factors may be involved they do not compromise the quality of therapeutic recommendations.

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Subject Review: Pharmacology and Therapeutics of Anti-sense Oligodeoxynucleotides

Subject Review: Pharmacology and Therapeutics of Anti-sense Oligodeoxynucleotides

Waleed Sweileh

waleedsweileh@najah.edu

College of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

Received : 18-09-2002 , Accepted : 09-12-2003

Language: English

Abstract

The purpose of this review is to provide pharmacists and pharmacologists with a background information about current therapeutic potentials and clinical trials on the anti-sense oligonucleotides (AS oligos). Anti-sense oligonucleotides are short, modified single stranded DNA or RNA that hybridize with target mRNA and inhibit synthesis of encoded peptide. This inhibition is achieved by either degradation of target mRNA by RNase enzyme or by blocking translation. The specificity of hybridization makes anti-sense treatment an attractive strategy to selectively modulate the expression of genes involved in the pathogenesis of diseases. Anti-sense oligos have now reached phase I and II in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer and viral infections. One anti-sense drug has been approved for local treatment of retinitis induced by cytomegalovirus. A number of important challenges for the development of anti-sense oligonucleotides in the clinical use have been identified, including stability, cellular uptake, target sequence selection, oligonucleotide: protein interactions, and cost of manufacture.

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Pharmacotherapeutic Implications and Prescribing Pattern of ‎Benzodiazepines (BZD) by Psychiatrists and Neurologists

Pharmacotherapeutic Implications and Prescribing Pattern of ‎Benzodiazepines (BZD) by Psychiatrists and Neurologists

Waleed Sweileh, Nidal Jaradat

waleedsweileh@najah.edu, nidaljaradat@najah.edu

College of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.‎

Received : 30-06-2003 , Accepted : 02-03-2004

Language: English

Abstract

The aim of this study is to explore and investigate benzodiazepine (BZD) prescribing pattern by neurologists and psychiatrists. Randomly selected five hundred and five neurologists and psychiatrists prescriptions were collected throughout West-Bank and analyzed using SPSS 10 for windows. Approximately half of the prescriptions contain BZD with alprozolam being the most commonly prescribed BZD followed by clonazepam. More than half of the BZD prescriptions were missing important patient and dispensing information. Gender of the patient and physician’s specialty were not a determining factor in choosing or prescribing BZD. Antidepressants were commonly co-prescribed with BZD (57%). BZD were more commonly co-prescribed with tricylic antidepressants (TCA) antidepressants than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Approximately 20% of antipsychotic prescriptions contained BZD especially clonazepam. In conclusion, although our study is not based on complete clinical investigation of patients disease and drug history, it is clear that there is some irrational BZD prescribing practices based on the general requirements for BZD prescriptions.

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H+ - O+‎ Coulomb Collision Frequency in the Polar Wind Plasma Polar

H+ - O+‎ Coulomb Collision Frequency in the Polar Wind Plasma

Imad Barghouthi*, Mazen Abu Issa*, Mahmoud Abu Samra*, ‎

barghouthi@yahoo.com

‎*Department of Physics, **Department of Mathematics, ‎ Faculty of Science, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine.‎

Received : 11-03-2003 , Accepted : 09-12-2003

Language: English

Abstract

The polar wind is an ambipolar plasma outflow from the terrestrial ionosphere at high latitudes. As the ions drift upward along geomagnetic flux tubes, they move from collision-dominated to collisionless regions. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to calculate the temperature and Coulomb collision frequency in the polar wind. The simulation properly accounted for the divergence of geomagnetic field lines, the gravitational force, the polarization electric field, and Coulomb collisions. The temperature was found to increase with altitude and then decreases due to the interplay between frictional heating due to Coulomb collisions and adiabatic cooling (due to diverging geomagnetic field). The Coulomb collision frequency was found to decrease with altitude. As altitude increases, the ions are accelerated by the upward directed ambipolar electric field and become less coupled with the background ions. One of the objectives is to study the consequences of a velocity distribution function with an enhanced high energy tail for the injected ions. As the number of high energy ions increases in the tail of the velocity distribution at the injection point (i.e. kappa parameter decreases), the temperature increases and decreases.

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Epidimiology of Aerobic Bacterial Infections among IUD (Intrauterine ‎Device) Users in the Northern West Bank ‎

Epidimiology of Aerobic Bacterial Infections among IUD (Intrauterine ‎Device) Users in the Northern West Bank ‎

Samar Ghazal*, Mohammed Musmar*, Mariam AL-Tell**‎

smusmar@hotmail.com

‎*Faculty of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.‎ ‎**UNICEF Office, Nablus, Palestine‎

Received : 07-06-2003 , Accepted : 02-03-2004

Language: English

Abstract

Intra uterine device (IUD) is the most popular method of contraception among Palestinian women. It is one of the very effective contraceptive methods with very small failure rate. Infection has been the main problem that faces women using IUD all over the world. The aim of this study is to explore the epidemiological pattern of aerobic bacterial infections among IUD users in Northern West Bank /Palestine. A study sample included two hundred women (134 IUD users and 66 non-IUD users) from MOH (Ministry of Health) FP (family planning) clinics. These women were randomly selected, interviewed, then cervical swabs were collected and cultured for aerobic bacteria, all data were analyzed using SPSS software. The study results showed overall significant higher rate of isolated bacteria among IUD users compared to non-users (P value <> 0.05). More than 50% of the positive culture results were predominant bacteria, and some 40% were potentially pathogenic. ? Hemolytic streptococcus was the most frequent of the former and E. Coli of the latter. Overall the study results were consistent with the current literature.

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The Effect of Feeding Starter Diets for Different Periods on Performance ‎of Broilers

The Effect of Feeding Starter Diets for Different Periods on Performance ‎of Broilers

Baha Eddin Abu-Bakr

info@najah.edu

Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture,‎‏ ‏An-Najah National ‎University, Nablus, Palestine.‎

Received : 21-12-2002 , Accepted : 14-10-2003

Language: English

Abstract

A total of 150 birds were used in this experiment in summer 2002 to investigate the effect of feeding starter diets for different periods on the performance and the economical advantages on broiler chicks. Birds were fed starter diets for two, three and four weeks prior to feeding the finisher diets. Birds fed the starter for four weeks had higher (p<0.05)>

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Alternaria Leaf Spot Disease on Cucumber: Susceptibility and Control ‎Using Leaf Disk Assay

Alternaria Leaf Spot Disease on Cucumber: Susceptibility and Control ‎Using Leaf Disk Assay

Yacoub Batta

yabatta@najah.edu

Laboratory of Plant Protection, Dept. of Plant Production and Protection, ‎Faculty of Agriculture, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.‎

Received : 17-10-2002 , Accepted : 14-10-2003

Language: English

Abstract

Results obtained in the present research using leaf disk assay indicated significant differences in susceptibility of tested cucumber cultivars to Alternaria cucumerina-infection. Hasan cultivar was the most susceptible, but Rocket cultivar was the least susceptible. Assessment of treatment efficacy with fungicides and Trichoderma harzianum against the disease using leaf disk assay indicated the presence of significant differences between the treatments with 4 types of new, low-residual fungicides or 2 forms of T. harzianum and the control treatments with a blank formulation of invert emulsion or sterile distilled water. Treatments with fungicides just before the disease inoculation demonstrated that Score® and Switch® completely inhibited appearance of the disease-lesion on treated cucumber leaf-discs when applied at a rate of 0.35% (V/V) and 0.20% (W/V), respectively. Treatments with the same fungicides at the same application rates 24h after the disease inoculation also completely inhibited the disease-lesion appearance when Score® was applied. It suppressed the disease-lesion diameter to 2.5mm or reduced it by 83.5% relative to control when Switch® was applied. Moreover, application of formulated conidia of T. harzianum in invert emulsion at a concentration of 2.0X108 conidia/ml significantly suppressed the disease-lesion diameter on treated cucumber leaf-discs. Such application decreased the lesion diameter to 4.5 and 6.5mm or reduced it by 70.4 and 57.2% relative to control when used just before or 24h after the disease inoculation, respectively. It is, thus, concluded that the results obtained on susceptibility of cucumber cultivars to the disease infection and its control should be confirmed on whole plants under field conditions before being recommended to be applied by the farmers and extension agents.

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Resource Significant Cost and Time Models for Building Projects

Resource Significant Cost and Time Models for Building Projects

Nabil Dmaidi

pa@najah.edu

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, An-Najah National ‎University, Nablus, Palestine‎

Received : 03-07-2001 , Accepted : 14-10-2003

Language: English

Abstract

Cost and time models have been developed for road and bridge projects using resource significance analysis, which is in turn based on the 80/20 rule. The work packages in these models are designed to relate to site operations. They serve as the basis for measurement, estimating, planning, valuation and control in civil engineering projects. For defined categories of work, a standard set of work packages have been developed which consistently contribute about 90% of a project's resource costs and hours. The resource significant cost and time models for bridges and roads predict cost to an accuracy of 4% Cv and 3% Cv respectively. The resource hours for a project can be predicted to an accuracy of 6% Cv for bridges and 3% Cv for roads. The bridge model contains 26 work packages and the road model contains 22 work packages. Coarser models have also been developed for situations where the road or bridge is only part of an overall project, with only a small loss of accuracy.

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A Descriptive Study of Community Pharmacy Practice in Palestine: ‎Analysis and Future Look

A Descriptive Study of Community Pharmacy Practice in Palestine: ‎Analysis and Future Look

Nidal Jaradat, Waleed Sweileh

nidaljaradat@yahoo.com

College of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine‎

Received : 19-01-2003 , Accepted : 25-05-2003

Language: English

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the community pharmacy practice in Palestine from a clinical and legal aspects. The study was conducted on a random sample of community pharmacies and carried out by pharmacy students of An-Najah University using a 15-item questionnaire. The working hours of community pharmacies is approximately 9 hours daily and the average working people in the pharmacy is 2.8. The average customer turnover is approximately 25.8. Medical representatives and manufacturer brochures are the primary source of drug information for 90% community pharmacists. Over the counter sale of many prescription medications is unregulated. Substitution of prescribed medications is common in 25% of community pharmacies. No official record of prescription is available. The Ministry of health, the Palestinian Pharmaceutical Association and the college of pharmacy at An-Najah University ought to take measures to improve the pharmacy practice and to provide continuing educational opportunities for community pharmacist in Palestine.

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Effect of “Polypharmacy” and “Frequency of Drug Dosing” on Rate of ‎Compliance among Diabetic and Hypertensive Patients: A Survey Study ‎in Palestine

Effect of “Polypharmacy” and “Frequency of Drug Dosing” on Rate of ‎Compliance among Diabetic and Hypertensive Patients: A Survey Study ‎in Palestine

Waleed Sweileh‏*‏‎, Ola Aker‎‏**‏‎, Saeed Hamooz‎‏**‏

waleedsweileh@yahoo.com

College of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. ‎ ‎‏**‏Ministry of Health, Nablus, Palestine‎

Received : 18-09-2002 , Accepted : 25-05-2003

Language: English

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of polypharmacy and frequency of drug dosing on the rate of compliance among hypertensive and diabetic patients in the Palestinian community. The rate of compliance of 321 hypertensive and diabetic patients was assessed using graded questionnaire. The overall rate of compliance for the tested sample was 42.1%. Both, diabetic and hypertensive patients tend to have better compliance and less noncompliance when the number of medications is decreased. The best rate of compliance in both cases was obtained when patients have simple one drug regimen. Both, diabetic and hypertensive patients tend to have better compliance on once daily dosing (ODD) versus multiple daily dosing (MDD). However, diabetic but not hypertensive patients tend to have better compliance on once daily dosing versus twice daily dosing. These results indicate that although once daily dosing is associated with higher compliance but it is not always the best especially in treatment of hypertension as the treatment of some type of hypertension requirs more than one drug more daily doses, depends on the type of hypertension, as well as dirbetic melitiies. These results should encourage physicians in the hypertension and diabetes mellitus clinics of the Palestinian Ministry of Health (MOH) to minimize the number of prescribed medications to improve compliance, therapeutic outcome and to minimize cost.

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Pharmacotherapeutic Analysis and Prescription Pattern of ‎Antihypertensive Drugs Dispensed at Community Pharmacies in Palestine‎

Pharmacotherapeutic Analysis and Prescription Pattern of ‎Antihypertensive Drugs Dispensed at Community Pharmacies in Palestine‎

Waleed Sweileh

waleedsweileh@yahoo.com ‎

College of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. ‎

Received : 30-12-2002 , Accepted : 25-05-2003

Language: English

Abstract

The objective of this study is to explore the influence of current therapeutic recommendations on the prescribing trends of anti-hypertensive drugs in general medical practice in Palestine. Five hundred and seventy four anti-hypertensive prescriptions were analyzed. The percentage of mono-therapy prescriptions was 48.25% and that for combinational therapy prescriptions was 51.75%. Among the mono-therapy prescriptions, b- blockers were the most commonly prescribed, while diuretics were under-utilized. Inappropriate dose strength of atenolol was seen in mono-therapy prescriptions. Expensive and newer angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor drugs (ACE-I) and calcium channel blocking drugs (CCB) were frequently seen in mono therapy prescriptions. Among the combinational therapy, the b-blockers / diuretics was most common. Irrational combinational therapy of b-blockers / ACE-I was noticed. Use of modern and new CCB, ACE-I and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (AT1-RA) was seen in both mono therapy and combinational therapy. The overuse of nonprefered drugs and the under-use of prefered medications is indicative that education of JNC VI guidelines for physicians and health professionals in Palestine is needed.

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Geochemical Classification of Soils in the Northern Part of the West Bank

Geochemical Classification of Soils in the Northern Part of the West Bank

Mohammad Abu Safat

abusafat52@yahoo.com

Received : 22-10-2001 , Accepted : 09-12-2002

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study has focused on the classification of soils in the northern part of the West Bank. The classification depended on soil content of Clay, Corg, Cation Exchange Capacity of (Na, Ca, Mg), heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu), Carbonates and pH. The soil samples were collected from the areas that allowed to generalizing their results on similar areas in terms of different features such as: geological, topographical, vegetation and land use. The German system of soil mapping was used to define the soil levels. The combined map showed that there were very good, good, middle, poor and very poor soils.

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ٍSubject Review: Application and Usage of Pesticides in Palestine: Current and Future Outlook

ٍSubject Review: Application and Usage of Pesticides in Palestine: Current and Future Outlook

Yacoub Batta

info@najah.edu

Laboratory of Plant Protection, Dept. of Plant Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.

Received : 17-10-2001 , Accepted : 17-12-2002

Language: English

Abstract

The present review paper was prepared due to the lack of reports or review articles which analyze and treat the problems resulting from the excessive use and application of pesticides in the Palestinian territories (P.T). It stated and discussed firstly the current status of pesticides application and usage in the P.T then, exposed at the problems created by the overuse of pesticides in these territories and then offered the proper solution of these problems at the present time and in perspective. Thus, it provided with a number of basic elements which may improve the present and future application and usage of pesticides in the P.T. It also urged to follow the necessary measures in order to solve the problems of pesticides overuse and hence to protect both local environment and national crop products from pesticide pollution. Moreover, certain examples were cited in this paper on fruitful regional cooperation between neighbouring countries as a solution of some cases of hard pest control on certain crops. Until present, such cases are treated only with excessive amounts of pesticides but, the proposed solution either reduces greatly the amount of applied pesticides for treating the pest or investigates non-pesticide control measure.

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